Citing
Sources
APA Citation Style
(American Psychological Association)
Books
One author:
Stabiner, K. (2002). All girls: single-sex education and why it matters. New York: Riverhead.
Two or three authors:
Apter, T., & Josselon, R. (1998). Best friends: the pleasures and perils of girls’ and women’s friendships. New York: Crown.
Part of a book (such as an essay in a collection):
Duckitt, J. (2005). Personality and prejudice. In J.F. Dovidio, P. Glick, & L.A. Rudman (Eds.), On the nature of prejudice: fity years after Allport (pp. 395-412). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
An editor:
Kramarae, C., & Spender, D. (Eds.). (2000). Routledge international encyclopedia of women: global women’s issues and knowledge. New York: Routledge.
Journals and Magazines
Article (print):
Journal:
One author:
Howe, M.L. (2004). The role of conceptual recording in reducing children's retroactive interference. Developmental Psychology, 40, 131-139.
Two or three authors:
Arriaza, C.A., & Mann, T. (2001). Ethnic differences in eating disorder symptoms among college students: the confounding role of body mass index. Journal of American College Health, 49, 309-315.
Dixon, J.A., & Marchman, V.A. (2007). Grammar and the lexicon: developmental ordering in language acquisition. Child Development, 78(1), 190-212.
Note: For journals in which each issue begins on page one, include both the volume and issue number; for journals using continuous pagination, the issue number is not necessary.
Article (print):
Magazine:
Unsigned article:
Museums need two cultures. (2007, April 5). Nature, 446, 583.
Signed article:
Shapiro, R. (2007, June). A simpler origin for life. Scientific American, 296, 46-49.
Article (online database):
Arriaza, C.A., & Mann, T. (2001). Ethnic differences in eating disorder symptoms among college students: the confounding role of body mass index. In Journal of American College Health, 49, 309-315. Retrieved July 29, 2003, from InfoTrac Expanded Academic database: http://web.4.infotrac.galegroup.com
Newspapers
Article (print):
Dreifus, C. (2007, August 28). Through analysis, gut reaction gains credibility. The New York Times, p. F2.
Article (online database):
Cook, G. (2007, January 19). Harvard alters its approach to scientific study. In Boston Globe. Retrieved September 5, 2007 from http://infotrac.galegroup.com.
Encyclopedias
Article (print):
Worell, J. (2001). Media stereotypes. In The encyclopedia of women and gender (Vol. 2, pp. 703-708). San Diego: Academic Press.
Article (online):
Psychoanalysis. (2007). In Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved August 28, 2007, from Encyclopaedia Britannica Online: http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9061717.
Web Sites
American Psychological Association. Family and relationships: get the facts: children and television violence. Retrieved July 30, 2003, from: http://helping.apa.org/family/kidtvviol.html
In-text Citation
APA format is an example of Harvard Referencing, a citation system developed at Harvard University. It is also known as the author-date method of in-text citation. Under this system, the author's last name and the year of publication for the source are provided within the text of the paper. A complete citation for the source is given in the References section at the end of the paper.
Here are a few examples of in-text citations:
One or two authors:
Connell and Wellborn's (1991) model suggests that outcomes can be influenced by self-processes such as competence, autonomy, and relatedness.
They originated a coding scheme that at first accounted for two levels of analysis (Glaser, 1978) and then added selective coding as the third (Strauss & Corbin, 1998).
Three or more authors:
When citing three to five authors, list all the authors the first time you cite the source.
An example is a survey I conducted to test hypotheses on whether the addition of variables representing resources increases the fit of risk-only models (Gilgun, Klein, & Pramis, 2000).
In subsequent citations, use only the first author's last name followed by "et al."
The survey instrument used in the inmate study mentioned earlier (Gilgun et al., 2000) was deeply informed by my life history case studies.
When citing six or more authors, use the first author's name followed by "et al."
As Robinson et al. (1998) have argued...
Quotations:
When quoting directly or referring to a specific passage from a source, include the author(s), year, and page number for that source.
As Cross and Markus (1991) noted, possible selves "have been defined as personalized representations of one's self in future states" (p. 230).
See Also...
- Concise Rules of APA Style REF BF 76.7 .C862005
- www.apastyle.org
- www.apastyle.org/faqs.html
- www.apastyle.org/styletips.html